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U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage Cost Benchmarks: Q1 2021

Published by National Renewable Energy Laboratory | Department of Energy | Metadata Last Checked: June 28, 2025 | Last Modified: 2025-01-21T22:17:15Z
NREL has been modeling U.S. solar photovoltaic (PV) system costs since 2009. This year, our report benchmarks costs of U.S. PV for residential, commercial, and utility-scale systems, with and without storage, built in the first quarter of 2021 (Q1 2021). The methodology includes bottom-up accounting for all system and project-development costs incurred when installing residential, commercial, and utility-scale systems and it models the capital costs and levelized cost of energy for such systems.

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